Algorithms API
==============

Rate limiting algorithms and the factory function to create them.

Algorithm Enum
--------------

.. py:class:: Algorithm

   Enumeration of available rate limiting algorithms.

   .. py:attribute:: TOKEN_BUCKET
      :value: "token_bucket"

      Token bucket algorithm. Allows bursts up to bucket capacity, then refills
      at a steady rate.

   .. py:attribute:: SLIDING_WINDOW
      :value: "sliding_window"

      Sliding window log algorithm. Tracks exact timestamps for precise limiting.
      Higher memory usage.

   .. py:attribute:: FIXED_WINDOW
      :value: "fixed_window"

      Fixed window algorithm. Simple time-based windows. Efficient but has
      boundary issues.

   .. py:attribute:: LEAKY_BUCKET
      :value: "leaky_bucket"

      Leaky bucket algorithm. Smooths out request rate for consistent throughput.

   .. py:attribute:: SLIDING_WINDOW_COUNTER
      :value: "sliding_window_counter"

      Sliding window counter algorithm. Balances precision and efficiency.
      This is the default.

   **Usage:**

   .. code-block:: python

      from fastapi_traffic import Algorithm, rate_limit

      @rate_limit(100, 60, algorithm=Algorithm.TOKEN_BUCKET)
      async def endpoint(request: Request):
          return {"status": "ok"}

BaseAlgorithm
-------------

.. py:class:: BaseAlgorithm(limit, window_size, backend, *, burst_size=None)

   Abstract base class for rate limiting algorithms.

   :param limit: Maximum requests allowed in the window.
   :type limit: int
   :param window_size: Time window in seconds.
   :type window_size: float
   :param backend: Storage backend for rate limit state.
   :type backend: Backend
   :param burst_size: Maximum burst size. Defaults to limit.
   :type burst_size: int | None

   .. py:method:: check(key)
      :async:

      Check if a request is allowed and update state.

      :param key: The rate limit key.
      :type key: str
      :returns: Tuple of (allowed, RateLimitInfo).
      :rtype: tuple[bool, RateLimitInfo]

   .. py:method:: reset(key)
      :async:

      Reset the rate limit state for a key.

      :param key: The rate limit key.
      :type key: str

   .. py:method:: get_state(key)
      :async:

      Get current state without consuming a token.

      :param key: The rate limit key.
      :type key: str
      :returns: Current rate limit info or None.
      :rtype: RateLimitInfo | None

TokenBucketAlgorithm
--------------------

.. py:class:: TokenBucketAlgorithm(limit, window_size, backend, *, burst_size=None)

   Token bucket algorithm implementation.

   Tokens are added to the bucket at a rate of ``limit / window_size`` per second.
   Each request consumes one token. If no tokens are available, the request is
   rejected.

   The ``burst_size`` parameter controls the maximum bucket capacity, allowing
   short bursts of traffic.

   **State stored:**

   - ``tokens``: Current number of tokens in the bucket
   - ``last_update``: Timestamp of last update

SlidingWindowAlgorithm
----------------------

.. py:class:: SlidingWindowAlgorithm(limit, window_size, backend, *, burst_size=None)

   Sliding window log algorithm implementation.

   Stores the timestamp of every request within the window. Provides the most
   accurate rate limiting but uses more memory.

   **State stored:**

   - ``timestamps``: List of request timestamps within the window

FixedWindowAlgorithm
--------------------

.. py:class:: FixedWindowAlgorithm(limit, window_size, backend, *, burst_size=None)

   Fixed window algorithm implementation.

   Divides time into fixed windows and counts requests in each window. Simple
   and efficient, but allows up to 2x the limit at window boundaries.

   **State stored:**

   - ``count``: Number of requests in current window
   - ``window_start``: Start timestamp of current window

LeakyBucketAlgorithm
--------------------

.. py:class:: LeakyBucketAlgorithm(limit, window_size, backend, *, burst_size=None)

   Leaky bucket algorithm implementation.

   Requests fill a bucket that "leaks" at a constant rate. Smooths out traffic
   for consistent throughput.

   **State stored:**

   - ``water_level``: Current water level in the bucket
   - ``last_update``: Timestamp of last update

SlidingWindowCounterAlgorithm
-----------------------------

.. py:class:: SlidingWindowCounterAlgorithm(limit, window_size, backend, *, burst_size=None)

   Sliding window counter algorithm implementation.

   Maintains counters for current and previous windows, calculating a weighted
   average based on window progress. Balances precision and memory efficiency.

   **State stored:**

   - ``prev_count``: Count from previous window
   - ``curr_count``: Count in current window
   - ``current_window``: Start timestamp of current window

get_algorithm
-------------

.. py:function:: get_algorithm(algorithm, limit, window_size, backend, *, burst_size=None)

   Factory function to create algorithm instances.

   :param algorithm: The algorithm type to create.
   :type algorithm: Algorithm
   :param limit: Maximum requests allowed.
   :type limit: int
   :param window_size: Time window in seconds.
   :type window_size: float
   :param backend: Storage backend.
   :type backend: Backend
   :param burst_size: Maximum burst size.
   :type burst_size: int | None
   :returns: An algorithm instance.
   :rtype: BaseAlgorithm

   **Usage:**

   .. code-block:: python

      from fastapi_traffic.core.algorithms import get_algorithm, Algorithm
      from fastapi_traffic import MemoryBackend

      backend = MemoryBackend()
      algorithm = get_algorithm(
          Algorithm.TOKEN_BUCKET,
          limit=100,
          window_size=60,
          backend=backend,
          burst_size=20,
      )

      allowed, info = await algorithm.check("user:123")