"""Example demonstrating Redis backend for distributed rate limiting.

This example shows how to use Redis for rate limiting across multiple
application instances (e.g., in a Kubernetes deployment or load-balanced setup).

Requirements:
    pip install redis

Environment variables:
    REDIS_URL: Redis connection URL (default: redis://localhost:6379/0)
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import os
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Request
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse

from fastapi_traffic import (
    Algorithm,
    MemoryBackend,
    RateLimiter,
    RateLimitExceeded,
    rate_limit,
)
from fastapi_traffic.backends.redis import RedisBackend
from fastapi_traffic.core.limiter import set_limiter


async def create_redis_backend():
    """Create Redis backend with fallback to memory."""
    try:
        from fastapi_traffic import RedisBackend

        redis_url = os.getenv("REDIS_URL", "redis://localhost:6379/0")
        backend = await RedisBackend.from_url(
            redis_url,
            key_prefix="myapp",
        )

        # Verify connection
        if await backend.ping():
            print(f"Connected to Redis at {redis_url}")
            return backend
        else:
            print("Redis ping failed, falling back to memory backend")
            return MemoryBackend()

    except ImportError:
        print("Redis package not installed. Install with: pip install redis")
        print("Falling back to memory backend")
        return MemoryBackend()

    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Failed to connect to Redis: {e}")
        print("Falling back to memory backend")
        return MemoryBackend()


@asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
    """Lifespan context manager for startup/shutdown."""
    app.state.backend = await create_redis_backend()
    app.state.limiter = RateLimiter(app.state.backend)
    await app.state.limiter.initialize()
    set_limiter(app.state.limiter)

    yield

    await app.state.limiter.close()


app = FastAPI(
    title="Distributed Rate Limiting with Redis",
    lifespan=lifespan,
)


def get_backend(request: Request) -> RedisBackend | MemoryBackend:
    """Dependency to get the rate limiting backend."""
    return request.app.state.backend


def get_limiter(request: Request) -> RateLimiter:
    """Dependency to get the rate limiter."""
    return request.app.state.limiter


BackendDep = Annotated[RedisBackend | MemoryBackend, Depends(get_backend)]
LimiterDep = Annotated[RateLimiter, Depends(get_limiter)]


@app.exception_handler(RateLimitExceeded)
async def rate_limit_handler(_: Request, exc: RateLimitExceeded) -> JSONResponse:
    return JSONResponse(
        status_code=429,
        content={
            "error": "rate_limit_exceeded",
            "message": exc.message,
            "retry_after": exc.retry_after,
        },
        headers=exc.limit_info.to_headers() if exc.limit_info else {},
    )


# Rate limits are shared across all instances when using Redis
@app.get("/api/shared-limit")
@rate_limit(
    limit=100,
    window_size=60,
    key_prefix="shared",
)
async def shared_limit(_: Request) -> dict[str, str]:
    """This rate limit is shared across all application instances."""
    return {
        "message": "Success",
        "note": "Rate limit counter is shared via Redis",
    }


# Per-user limits also work across instances
def user_extractor(request: Request) -> str:
    user_id = request.headers.get("X-User-ID", "anonymous")
    return f"user:{user_id}"


@app.get("/api/user-limit")
@rate_limit(
    limit=50,
    window_size=60,
    key_extractor=user_extractor,
    key_prefix="user_api",
)
async def user_limit(request: Request) -> dict[str, str]:
    """Per-user rate limit shared across instances."""
    user_id = request.headers.get("X-User-ID", "anonymous")
    return {
        "message": "Success",
        "user_id": user_id,
    }


# Token bucket works well with Redis for burst handling
@app.get("/api/burst-allowed")
@rate_limit(
    limit=100,
    window_size=60,
    algorithm=Algorithm.TOKEN_BUCKET,
    burst_size=20,
    key_prefix="burst",
)
async def burst_allowed(_: Request) -> dict[str, str]:
    """Token bucket with Redis allows controlled bursts across instances."""
    return {"message": "Burst request successful"}


@app.get("/health")
async def health(backend: BackendDep) -> dict[str, object]:
    """Health check with Redis status."""
    redis_healthy = False
    backend_type = type(backend).__name__

    if hasattr(backend, "ping"):
        try:
            redis_healthy = await backend.ping()
        except Exception:
            redis_healthy = False

    return {
        "status": "healthy",
        "backend": backend_type,
        "redis_connected": redis_healthy,
    }


@app.get("/stats")
async def stats(backend: BackendDep) -> dict[str, object]:
    """Get rate limiting statistics from Redis."""
    if hasattr(backend, "get_stats"):
        try:
            return await backend.get_stats()
        except Exception as e:
            return {"error": str(e)}
    return {"message": "Stats not available for this backend"}


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import uvicorn

    # Run multiple instances on different ports to test distributed limiting:
    # REDIS_URL=redis://localhost:6379/0 python 07_redis_distributed.py
    # In another terminal:
    # uvicorn 07_redis_distributed:app --port 8001
    uvicorn.run(app, host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)